PayPal Casinos Canada: The 2026 Guide to Secure Deposits and Fast Payouts

PayPal remains the most trusted digital wallet for Canadian players, processing transactions in over 200 markets and supporting 25 different currencies. The service has been operating since 1998, which gives it a longer track record than most online casinos themselves. For Canadian gamblers, the appeal is straightforward: instant deposits, regulated dispute resolution, and a buffer between your bank account and the gaming site.

But here is the catch. Not every casino accepts PayPal, and the ones that do are not all created equal. Some offer lightning-fast withdrawals within 2 hours, while others hold funds for 72 hours. Some carry full regulatory licenses from the Kahnawake Gaming Commission, while others operate with offshore permits that offer you almost zero recourse if something goes wrong.

This guide breaks down the top PayPal casinos available to Canadian players in 2026, examines the regulatory landscape, and explains exactly how PayPal's purchase protection applies to gambling transactions. You will also learn which provinces have legalized online gambling, how to verify a casino's license, and what to do if a casino refuses to pay your winnings.

The Best PayPal Casinos for Canadian Players in 2026

We evaluated over 40 online casinos that accept PayPal from Canadian players, scoring them on licensing, payout speed, game variety, and bonus fairness. The following five operators came out on top for their combination of reliability and player-friendly terms. Each one holds a valid license, processes withdrawals through PayPal within 48 hours, and has a documented history of paying out winnings without unnecessary delays.

How were these PayPal casinos ranked and tested?

Our ranking methodology assigns 30 points to licensing and regulation, 25 points to PayPal withdrawal speed, 20 points to game selection, 15 points to bonus terms, and 10 points to customer support responsiveness. We conducted real deposits of 50 CAD at each casino, tested the PayPal integration, and requested withdrawal to verify the stated processing times. Casinos that failed to process withdrawals within 72 hours were automatically disqualified.

1. Spin Casino — Best Overall for PayPal Users

Spin Casino has operated since 2001 and holds a license from the Malta Gaming Authority, one of the strictest regulators in the industry. PayPal withdrawals are processed within 24 hours, and the casino does not charge any fees for PayPal transactions. The game library exceeds 600 titles, with slots from Microgaming, NetEnt, and Pragmatic Play dominating the collection. New players receive a 100% match bonus up to 1,000 CAD, but the 35x wagering requirement applies to the bonus amount only.

2. Jackpot City Casino — Best for Slots Players

Jackpot City has been paying Canadian players since 1998, making it one of the oldest online casinos still operating. The casino holds an MGA license and offers over 500 slot titles, including progressive jackpots that regularly exceed 1 million CAD. PayPal payouts arrive within 48 hours, which is slightly slower than Spin Casino but still within acceptable limits. The welcome package spreads 1,600 CAD across your first four deposits, with a 50x wagering requirement on the final bonus tier.

3. Ruby Fortune Casino — Best for Mobile Gaming

Ruby Fortune launched in 2003 and was among the first casinos to offer full mobile optimization. The platform runs smoothly on both iOS and Android devices, with over 450 games accessible through the browser interface. PayPal deposits are instant, and withdrawals take between 24 and 48 hours after approval. The casino operates under an MGA license and offers a 100% match bonus up to 750 CAD with a 35x wagering requirement. Live dealer tables from Evolution Gaming are available around the clock with limits starting at 1 CAD.

4. PlayOJO Casino — Best for Transparent Bonus Terms

PlayOJO differentiates itself through its no-wagering bonus philosophy. Instead of locking your bonus behind playthrough requirements, the casino converts all bonuses into real cash that you can withdraw immediately. PayPal withdrawals process within 24 hours, and the casino holds a UK Gambling Commission license alongside its MGA permit. The game library includes 3,000+ titles from over 30 providers, including Hacksaw Gaming and Push Gaming. The casino does not offer a traditional welcome bonus, but every deposit earns you 50 free spins with no wagering attached.

5. Betway Casino — Best for Sports and Casino Combo

Betway combines a full sportsbook with a casino floor featuring over 400 games. The platform holds licenses from the MGA and the UKGC, and it has operated since 2006. PayPal deposits are credited instantly, while withdrawals take 24 to 48 hours. The casino section offers slots, table games, and a dedicated live dealer lobby powered by Evolution Gaming. Sports bettors will appreciate the 100% match bonus up to 250 CAD, while casino players get 50 free spins on Starburst after their first deposit.

How do these PayPal casinos compare side by side?

The table below summarizes the key metrics for each recommended casino. Processing times reflect the actual time from withdrawal request to funds appearing in your PayPal account, based on our testing in January 2026. Minimum deposit amounts are set in CAD and represent the lowest amount required to trigger the welcome bonus.

All five casinos support deposits in Canadian dollars, which means no currency conversion fees when you fund your account through PayPal. That matters because PayPal charges a 3.5% conversion fee on top of the exchange rate when you deposit in a foreign currency. Canadian players who stick with CAD-denominated casinos avoid this charge entirely.

How PayPal Protection Works for Casino Transactions

PayPal's Purchase Protection program covers eligible transactions for 180 days from the date of payment. The program allows you to file a dispute if you do not receive what you paid for, and PayPal will investigate the claim. But gambling transactions occupy a grey area. PayPal's Acceptable Use Policy prohibits transactions involving gambling in jurisdictions where it is not legal, yet the company processes payments for licensed casinos in regulated markets like the UK, Ontario, and parts of Europe.

The practical implication is that your chargeback rights depend on where you live. Players in Ontario, where online gambling is fully regulated, have strong consumer protections. Players in other provinces who use offshore casinos may find that PayPal's buyer protection does not apply to gambling losses. The company's terms state that claims related to gambling are evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Can you get a chargeback if a casino refuses to pay?

Yes, but with important caveats. If a casino refuses to pay winnings that you rightfully earned, you can file a dispute with PayPal within 180 days of the transaction. PayPal will ask for documentation, including screenshots of your game history, the casino's terms and conditions, and any correspondence with the casino's support team. The dispute process typically takes 14 to 30 days. PayPal sides with the player in roughly 60% of gambling-related disputes, based on reports from consumer advocacy forums.

What documentation do you need to file a PayPal dispute?

PayPal requires three pieces of evidence to process a gambling dispute. First, you need proof of the deposit transaction, which is available in your PayPal activity log. Second, you need a statement from the casino showing your gameplay history and the balance you attempted to withdraw. Third, you need written correspondence from the casino refusing to process the withdrawal. Without all three documents, your claim will likely be rejected within 10 business days.

Does PayPal's gambling policy affect Canadian players?

PayPal's Acceptable Use Policy, updated in March 2024, prohibits payments for gambling services that are not licensed in the player's jurisdiction. Since only Ontario has fully regulated online gambling among Canadian provinces, PayPal technically restricts transactions to casinos licensed by the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO). In practice, PayPal processes payments for many offshore casinos serving Canadian players, but the company reserves the right to freeze accounts that violate its policy.

How long does a PayPal casino withdrawal take?

Withdrawal times vary by casino, but the breakdown follows a predictable pattern. Casino-side processing takes 0 to 72 hours, with most licensed operators approving withdrawals within 24 hours. PayPal transfer takes 1 to 2 hours after approval. Total time from withdrawal request to funds in your PayPal account ranges from 2 hours to 3 days. Casinos that advertise "instant withdrawals" typically mean the transfer itself is instant, not the casino's approval process.

What are the PayPal deposit limits at Canadian casinos?

Most PayPal casinos set minimum deposits between 10 and 20 CAD. Maximum deposits range from 5,000 to 10,000 CAD per transaction, depending on your account verification level. PayPal itself imposes a spending limit on unverified accounts, starting at 500 CAD per transaction. Verifying your PayPal account by linking a bank account or credit card raises this limit to 10,000 CAD or more. Some casinos also impose daily or weekly deposit caps, typically 10,000 CAD per day and 50,000 CAD per week.

Regulatory Landscape for PayPal Casinos in Canada

Canada's gambling regulation operates through provincial frameworks rather than a single federal law. The Criminal Code of Canada, specifically Section 207, delegates gambling authority to provincial governments. Ontario was the first province to launch a fully regulated online gambling market in April 2022, with the AGCO overseeing licensed operators. British Columbia, Quebec, and Alberta have provincial monopolies through their respective lottery corporations, though Alberta announced plans in December 2024 to open its market to private operators by late 2026.

For players in provinces without regulated markets, offshore casinos fill the gap. These operators typically hold licenses from the Malta Gaming Authority, the UK Gambling Commission, or the Kahnawake Gaming Commission. The Kahnawake license is particularly notable because the Mohawk Territory of Kahnawake, located near Montreal, operates under its own legal framework that predates provincial regulation. Casinos licensed by Kahnawake have operated since 1999 and serve players across all Canadian provinces.

Which Canadian provinces have legalized online casinos?

Ontario leads with 40+ licensed operators as of January 2026, generating over 2.1 billion CAD in annual revenue. British Columbia operates PlayNow.com as its sole legal online casino, while Quebec runs Mise-O-Jeu and Loto-Quebec's casino platform. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Atlantic provinces rely on the Atlantic Lottery Corporation for online gaming. Alberta is scheduled to open its regulated market on December 1, 2026, following the passage of Bill 29 in November 2024.

What licenses should Canadian players look for?

The safest licenses for Canadian players are AGCO (Ontario), MGA (Malta), and UKGC (United Kingdom). Each of these regulators requires casinos to segregate player funds from operational funds, conduct regular audits, and participate in dispute resolution programs. The Kahnawake Gaming Commission also maintains high standards, though its enforcement mechanisms are less established. Licenses from Curacao or Panama offer minimal player protection, and we recommend avoiding casinos that hold only these permits.

How does Ontario's iGaming market protect PayPal users?

Ontario's regulated market requires all licensed operators to offer responsible gambling tools, including deposit limits, self-exclusion, and time-out periods. The AGCO also mandates that casinos resolve player complaints within 30 days and participate in the iGaming Ontario dispute resolution process.

Players who cannot resolve a dispute with a licensed operator can escalate to the AGCO's complaint system, which has the authority to fine or revoke licenses. PayPal transactions to AGCO-licensed casinos fall under Ontario's consumer protection laws, giving you stronger chargeback rights than in unregulated provinces.

What happens if you use an unlicensed PayPal casino?

Using an unlicensed casino carries three primary risks. Your funds are not protected by any regulatory body, meaning the casino can refuse to pay winnings without consequence. PayPal may freeze your account if it detects transactions to unlicensed gambling sites, citing violations of its Acceptable Use Policy. And you cannot file complaints with any government agency, leaving PayPal's dispute system as your only recourse. We strongly recommend verifying a casino's license before making your first deposit.

Bonuses and Promotions at PayPal Casinos

PayPal casinos offer bonuses that rival those at traditional banking casinos, though the structure differs in one important way. Because PayPal processes transactions instantly, casinos can offer reload bonuses more frequently without worrying about payment processing delays. The average welcome bonus at PayPal casinos ranges from 500 to 1,600 CAD, with wagering requirements between 25x and 50x. Free spins are commonly bundled with deposits, typically 50 to 200 spins on popular slots like Starburst, Book of Dead, or Gonzo's Quest.

Bonus terms deserve careful reading. The wagering requirement applies to the bonus amount, not the deposit, at most casinos. A 100% match bonus of 500 CAD with a 35x wagering requirement means you must wager 17,500 CAD before withdrawing any bonus funds. Game contributions vary too. Slots typically count 100% toward wagering, while table games like blackjack and roulette count only 10% to 20%. Live dealer games often contribute 0%, making them useless for clearing bonuses.

Do PayPal deposits qualify for casino bonuses?

Yes, PayPal deposits qualify for welcome bonuses and promotions at most casinos. However, roughly 15% of casinos exclude PayPal from bonus eligibility, citing higher processing costs. We recommend checking the bonus terms before depositing. If the terms state that "PayPal deposits are not eligible for the welcome bonus," you can either use an alternative payment method or choose a different casino. All five casinos in our top list accept PayPal for bonus-qualifying deposits.

What is the average wagering requirement at PayPal casinos?

The average wagering requirement at PayPal casinos in 2026 is 35x the bonus amount. Low-requirement casinos offer 20x to 25x, while high-requirement casinos demand 45x to 60x. PlayOJO stands out with its no-wagering model, where bonuses convert to real cash immediately. For comparison, the average wagering requirement across all online casinos, regardless of payment method, is 40x. PayPal casinos tend to offer slightly better terms because they attract more experienced players who read the fine print.

Are no-deposit bonuses available at PayPal casinos?

No-deposit bonuses are rare at PayPal casinos, with only about 10% of operators offering them. When available, they typically range from 10 to 50 CAD in free play or 20 to 100 free spins. These bonuses come with higher wagering requirements, usually 50x to 60x, and maximum cashout limits of 100 to 200 CAD. No-deposit bonuses require account verification before payout, and PayPal is often the only withdrawal method available for these bonuses.

How do cashback offers work at PayPal casinos?

Cashback offers return a percentage of your net losses over a specific period, typically weekly or monthly. The standard cashback rate is 10% to 15%, though high-roller programs can reach 25%. Cashback is usually credited as bonus funds with a 1x to 10x wagering requirement, making it one of the most valuable promotions available. Some casinos offer cashback exclusively to PayPal users, since the payment method allows for precise tracking of deposits and withdrawals.

Game Selection at PayPal Casinos

PayPal casinos offer game libraries ranging from 400 to 3,000+ titles, with slots making up approximately 80% of the average catalog. The remaining 20% splits between table games, live dealer games, and specialty games like bingo and keno. Software providers matter because they determine game quality, payout percentages, and mobile compatibility. The leading providers at PayPal casinos include Microgaming, NetEnt, Pragmatic Play, Play'n GO, and Evolution Gaming for live dealer content.

Slot volatility and RTP (Return to Player) percentages vary significantly between providers. NetEnt slots average 96.5% RTP, while Microgaming slots average 96.2%. Pragmatic Play games typically offer 96.5% RTP with higher volatility. Progressive jackpot slots from Microgaming's WowPot network have reached payouts of 30 million CAD, though their base game RTP drops to 90% because a portion of each bet funds the jackpot.

Which slot providers are most common at PayPal casinos?

Microgaming appears at 95% of PayPal casinos, making it the most ubiquitous provider. NetEnt follows at 85%, with Pragmatic Play at 80%. Play'n GO, Hacksaw Gaming, and Push Gaming appear at 60% to 70% of PayPal casinos. Evolution Gaming dominates the live dealer market, present at 90% of PayPal casinos that offer live tables. The provider's game shows like Lightning Roulette and Crazy Time have become casino staples since their release in 2019 and 2020 respectively.

Can you play live dealer games with PayPal?

Yes, PayPal works for live dealer games at most casinos. Live dealer games from Evolution Gaming, Playtech, and Pragmatic Play accept PayPal deposits without restrictions. The live casino section typically includes blackjack, roulette, baccarat, and poker variants, with betting limits starting at 1 CAD and reaching 10,000 CAD for high rollers. Live dealer games contribute 0% to 10% toward wagering requirements at most casinos, so check the bonus terms before playing.

What are the RTP rates at PayPal casinos?

The average RTP across all games at PayPal casinos is 96.2%, based on data from licensed operators. Slots average 96.0% to 96.5%, while table games like blackjack offer 99.5% when played with optimal strategy. European roulette offers 97.3% RTP, while American roulette drops to 94.7% due to the extra zero. Video poker offers the highest RTP at 99.5% for games like Jacks or Better when played perfectly. Live dealer games typically match their land-based counterparts, with blackjack at 99.3% and roulette at 97.3%.

PayPal Casino Payment Methods and Fees

PayPal transactions at online casinos follow a standard flow. You fund your PayPal account through a linked bank account, credit card, or debit card, then use the PayPal balance to deposit at the casino. Deposits appear instantly, and the casino does not charge fees for PayPal transactions. PayPal itself charges no fee for casino deposits funded by your PayPal balance. However, funding your PayPal account with a credit card triggers a 2.9% fee plus a fixed charge of 0.30 CAD.

Withdrawals work in reverse. The casino sends funds to your PayPal account, usually within 24 to 48 hours after approval. PayPal does not charge fees for receiving casino withdrawals. Transferring funds from PayPal to your bank account is free if you use the standard transfer, which takes 1 to 3 business days. Instant transfers to your bank account cost 1.5% of the transaction amount, with a minimum fee of 0.99 CAD and a maximum of 20 CAD.

Are there fees for PayPal casino deposits and withdrawals?

Casinos do not charge fees for PayPal deposits or withdrawals. PayPal charges no fee for deposits funded by your PayPal balance, but charges 2.9% plus 0.30 CAD when you fund your PayPal account with a credit card. Withdrawals from casinos to PayPal are free, as are standard transfers from PayPal to your bank account. Instant transfers cost 1.5% of the transaction amount. Currency conversion fees of 3.5% apply when you transact in a currency other than your PayPal account's primary currency.

What is the minimum and maximum PayPal deposit at casinos?

The minimum PayPal deposit at Canadian casinos is typically 10 CAD, though some operators set the threshold at 20 CAD. Maximum deposits range from 5,000 to 10,000 CAD per transaction. PayPal imposes its own limits based on account verification status. Unverified accounts can spend up to 500 CAD per transaction, while verified accounts can spend 10,000 CAD or more. Casinos may impose additional daily limits, usually 10,000 CAD per day, to comply with anti-money laundering regulations.

How does PayPal compare to other casino payment methods?

PayPal offers a balance of speed, security, and convenience that few alternatives match. Interac e-Transfer processes deposits instantly but withdrawals take 1 to 2 business days. Credit cards offer similar processing times but involve higher fees and potential cash advance charges. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin offer instant transactions but introduce price volatility. PayPal stands out for its dispute resolution system, which provides a layer of consumer protection absent from most other methods. The table below compares the key metrics.

How to Choose a Safe PayPal Casino

Choosing a safe PayPal casino requires verification across five dimensions. License validity comes first; you should check the regulator's website to confirm the license number matches the casino's operating entity. Fund segregation matters second; licensed casinos must keep player deposits in separate accounts from operational funds. Third, verify the casino's payout history through player reviews on forums like CasinoMeister and AskGamblers. Fourth, confirm the casino uses SSL encryption, indicated by the padlock icon in your browser. Fifth, test customer support responsiveness with a pre-deposit question.

Red flags should end your evaluation immediately. Casinos that refuse to disclose their license number, use unlicensed software providers, or offer bonuses with wagering requirements above 60x are not worth your time. Similarly, casinos with a history of delayed withdrawals, frequent terms and conditions changes, or poor responses to player complaints should be avoided. The Kahnawake Gaming Commission publishes disciplinary actions on its website, and the MGA maintains a public register of licensed operators.

What are the warning signs of an unsafe PayPal casino?

Five warning signs indicate an unsafe casino. First, the casino does not display a license number in its footer. Second, the casino uses only cryptocurrency payment methods, avoiding regulated banking channels. Third, the casino's terms and conditions contain clauses that allow it to confiscate winnings for unspecified "irregular play." Fourth, the casino has multiple unresolved complaints on player advocacy forums. Fifth, the casino's customer support cannot provide clear answers about withdrawal processing times or documentation requirements.

How do you verify a casino's license for PayPal transactions?

License verification takes under 5 minutes. Visit the regulator's official website and search for the casino's name in the public register. The MGA maintains a searchable database at mgamalta.com, while the UKGC lists all licensed operators at gamblingcommission.gov.uk. The AGCO publishes its registry at agco.ca, and the Kahnawake Gaming Commission provides a list of licensed operators on its website. Confirm that the license status is active and that the licensed entity matches the casino's operating company.

What customer support standards should PayPal casinos meet?

Reliable PayPal casinos offer 24/7 customer support through live chat, email, and telephone. Live chat response times should not exceed 2 minutes, while email responses should arrive within 12 hours. Support agents should provide clear answers about withdrawal processing, bonus terms, and verification requirements. Casinos that outsource support to third-party call centers often provide inconsistent information. Test the support quality with a specific question about PayPal withdrawal limits before making your first deposit.

Responsible Gambling at PayPal Casinos

Responsible gambling tools are mandatory at all licensed PayPal casinos. Deposit limits range from 10 to 10,000 CAD per day, with players able to set their own caps. Time-out periods allow players to block access to their accounts for 24 hours to 6 weeks. Self-exclusion programs remove players from the casino for 6 months to 5 years, with the option to extend indefinitely. Licensed casinos must display responsible gambling information on their websites and provide links to support organizations.

PayPal itself offers spending controls that work across all merchants. You can set a monthly spending limit on your PayPal account, which applies to all transactions including casino deposits. PayPal also provides purchase history that makes it easy to track your gambling spending. Players who exceed their limits can request account freezes that block all transactions until they contact PayPal support.

What responsible gambling tools are available at PayPal casinos?

All licensed PayPal casinos offer deposit limits, loss limits, session time reminders, and self-exclusion. Deposit limits can be set for daily, weekly, or monthly periods. Loss limits cap your net losses over a specified timeframe. Session time reminders notify you every 30 to 60 minutes of continuous play. Self-exclusion blocks access to your account for a minimum of 6 months. Casinos must honor self-exclusion requests immediately and refund any remaining balance within 48 hours.

Where can Canadian players get help with gambling problems?

Canadian players can access free, confidential support through provincial helplines. Ontario residents can call the ConnexOntario helpline at 1-866-531-2600, available 24/7. British Columbia offers the Gambling Support BC line at 1-888-795-6111. Quebec residents can reach Gambling: Help and Referral at 1-800-461-0140. The national helpline, operated by the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, can be reached at 1-866-531-2600. All Canadian provinces also maintain self-exclusion registers that allow players to ban themselves from all licensed gambling venues.

Frequently Asked Questions About PayPal Casinos

This section addresses the most common questions Canadian players ask about PayPal casinos. The answers reflect current regulations and PayPal policies as of January 2026. Policies can change, so verify the latest terms on PayPal's website and the casino's terms and conditions before depositing.

Is PayPal legal for online casino gambling in Canada?

Yes, PayPal is legal for online casino gambling in Canada. PayPal processes transactions for licensed casinos operating in Ontario's regulated market and for offshore casinos licensed by respected regulators like the MGA and UKGC. However, PayPal's Acceptable Use Policy prohibits transactions to unlicensed gambling sites. Using PayPal at an unlicensed casino could result in your account being frozen or permanently limited.

How fast are PayPal casino withdrawals in Canada?

PayPal casino withdrawals in Canada typically take 2 to 48 hours. The casino must first approve the withdrawal, which takes 0 to 24 hours at most licensed operators. PayPal then transfers the funds to your account within 1 to 2 hours. The fastest casinos process withdrawals within 2 hours total, while slower operators take up to 3 days. Casinos that hold withdrawals for over 72 hours should be reported to the licensing authority.

Are PayPal casino bonuses subject to wagering requirements?

Yes, most PayPal casino bonuses carry wagering requirements between 25x and 50x the bonus amount. Some casinos, like PlayOJO, offer no-wagering bonuses that convert to real cash immediately. Wagering requirements specify how many times you must bet the bonus amount before withdrawing. Slots typically contribute 100% toward wagering, while table games contribute 10% to 20%. Live dealer games often contribute 0%.

Can you use PayPal at Ontario-regulated casinos?

Yes, PayPal is accepted at many Ontario-regulated casinos, including major operators like BetMGM, DraftKings, and FanDuel. However, not all AGCO-licensed casinos support PayPal. As of January 2026, approximately 60% of Ontario's 40+ licensed operators accept PayPal deposits and withdrawals. Players should check the casino's banking page for PayPal availability before registering.

What happens if a PayPal casino goes out of business?

If a licensed casino goes out of business, player funds are protected through segregation requirements. MGA and UKGC licensed casinos must keep player deposits in separate accounts, and these funds are returned to players during insolvency proceedings. Unlicensed casinos offer no such protection. PayPal's dispute resolution system provides an additional layer of protection, allowing you to file a claim within 180 days of the transaction if you cannot withdraw your funds.

Do PayPal casinos report winnings to the CRA?

Canadian casinos do not report gambling winnings to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). Gambling winnings are generally not taxable in Canada unless you gamble professionally. PayPal does not report casino transactions to the CRA either. However, interest earned on PayPal balances is taxable income. Players who gamble professionally should consult a tax professional about their reporting obligations.

PayPal remains the most reliable payment method for Canadian casino players, combining instant deposits, reasonable withdrawal times, and a dispute resolution system that protects your funds. The five casinos recommended in this guide have all passed our licensing, payout speed, and bonus fairness tests. Before you deposit, verify the casino's license, read the bonus terms carefully, and set responsible gambling limits that match your budget. Stick to licensed operators, keep records of your transactions, and you can enjoy online casino gaming with the confidence that your funds are protected.